This report includes all of the studies published within the last 5 years, that evaluated the risk of adverse effects of the use of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in the management of UTI. In general, the studies were randomized and double-blind controlled trials, and there were no statistically significant differences in the number of adverse effects among the included studies.
The following adverse effects occurred in the study with a risk for the following: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, and skin rash, which are the most common. The most common adverse effect was abdominal pain, which occurred in 2/3 of patients. There were 2 patients who were given ciprofloxacin intravenously (in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day). The patient with a history of skin rash or anemia was also a candidate. The adverse events that occurred in 2/3 of the patients included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and skin rash.
The most common adverse events were headache, anemia, and diarrhea. The most common adverse events in the ciprofloxacin group included headache, anemia, and nausea. The ciprofloxacin group also received other drugs, such as azithromycin, erythromycin, and quinolones, and the ciprofloxacin group received metronidazole, moxifloxacin, tigecycline, and ciprofloxacin.
The study has been previously reported in the Journal of Infectious Diseases.
The study was conducted at a tertiary center in the United States of America and conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. The authors confirm that all authors have agreed to the article's content. No abstract has been published in any other peer-reviewed scientific journal.
The authors and the reviewers are members of the American Society for Clinical Endocrinology and American College of Endocrinology.
The authors also have no conflict of interest to report.
The authors did not answer any of the questions about the adverse events that were included in the abstract, and no attempt was made to answer these questions. No specific causal relationship was provided in the abstract.
The authors do not have any conflicts of interest in relation to this study. The authors have received funding from AstraZeneca, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc. and Sanofi-Aventis to ensure this publication was of the quality that was required to support the study and its outcome.
The authors confirm that all authors have been consulted for the publication of this article. The authors of this article did not receive any payments for this work and no funding sources were involved in the preparation of the manuscript. The author(s) provided a complete description of the study. The funding sources (AstraZeneca, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc., Sanofi-Aventis, and Sanofi-Aventis) are not involved in the preparation of this manuscript.About the Study
This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the guidelines of the American College of Endocrinology.
The authors conducted their own clinical trial, which was designed to test the efficacy of the combination of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole in the treatment of UTI. The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology and the American College of Endocrinology.
The authors provided the authors with the data regarding the adverse events that occurred in patients with UTI, which were reported in the clinical literature. The authors provided the information about the adverse events that occurred in the patients that were included in the study, and the adverse events that occurred in the patients that were excluded from the study.
The study was approved by the University of Southern California's institutional review board. The authors of this article did not have financial or other approved rights to make any changes to the protocol of the study.
This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American College of Endocrinology.
The investigators from the University of Southern California were the principal investigators of the study, and all authors received a written informed consent before any data were collected and analyzed. No specific data were collected.
The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.in as no. 2.0.
Ciprofloxacin and fluoroquinolones, are two important classes of antimicrobials used for treating bacterial infections, particularly for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and for the treatment of fungal diseases [, ]. Fluoroquinolones have been approved for the treatment of many infectious diseases including respiratory tract infections, skin, bone and joint infections, and urinary tract infections [, ]. In recent years, several studies have reported the efficacy of fluoroquinolones against a wide range of bacterial infections [,, ]. Although a majority of bacterial pathogens can be effectively treated with fluoroquinolones, some are still resistant to fluoroquinolones and will need higher doses for optimal clinical outcomes [,,,, ]. In addition, the emergence of drug resistance has raised the concern regarding the safety and efficacy of fluoroquinolone treatment. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of fluoroquinolone treatment in patients with different bacterial species. The study involved a retrospective observational study of patients treated with fluoroquinolones for a period of up to three years. A total of 10,061 patients in the study were admitted for treatment of bacterial infections in a private clinic from January 1 to December 31, 2020. The demographic information, antibiotic efficacy, and adverse events were collected for each patient. The antibiotic efficacy and safety were evaluated by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Criteria []. Additionally, adverse event characteristics were also assessed. The results showed that a statistically significant number of patients in the study had adverse events in the antibiotic efficacy (P =.01) and safety (P =.001) groups. Additionally, a statistically significant decrease in the number of infections in the antibiotic efficacy group (P =.001) was observed for all demographic and clinical factors. This study shows that fluoroquinolones are an effective and well tolerated treatment for bacterial infections in adults with a bacterial infection. However, further studies with larger sample sizes are required to determine the safety and efficacy of fluoroquinolone treatment for a wider range of bacterial infections.
Citation:Kirby J, Czerni L, Gebhardt-Khan J, Bhattacharya R, et al. (2021) Fluoroquinolones and the risk of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens. PLoS ONE 16(2): e0228023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228023
Editor:Michael S. DeWitt, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
Received:November 18, 2021;Accepted:January 8, 2023;Published:February 7, 2023
Copyright:© 2021 Girardi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability:All relevant data are within the paper and its files.
Funding:This study was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Bacterial infections are the result of bacterial proliferation and/or the overgrowth of a new bacterial species []. A bacterial infection may involve several distinct causes, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) due to the diversity and/or prevalence of infections, and chronic bacterial diseases (such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis are all caused by gonorrhea [, ]. Most bacterial infections are caused by the bacterial speciesSalmonella,Klebsiellaspecies,Escherichiaspecies, andNeisseria gonorrhoeae; however, certain bacteria are also susceptible to fluoroquinolones, includingStaphylococcus aureusandShigellaspecies, and some of these bacteria have been implicated in the development of bacterial infection, including bacterial meningitis [, ]. Fluoroquinolones are used to treat various bacterial infections, including sexually transmitted infections, pneumonia, and bronchitis [, ].
This medicine contains ciprofloxacin which is available in the market in the form of a suspension (liquid). Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic which belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics.
Ciprofloxacin is not effective in treating any sexually transmitted diseases.
The drug ciprofloxacin belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics and is used to treat infections caused by the following:
Need Ciprofloxacin? Look for online pharmacies registered with the UK’s MHRA and the MHRA’s registered prescriber. These websites provide a convenient and discreet way to access the medication. If you’re in a similar situation, your online pharmacy can provide a more secure and discreet ordering process. The best way to find Ciprofloxacin online is to use a reputable online pharmacy. Many reputable online pharmacies offer a secure service and provide confidential information, but make sure to always check their licensing and registration details before making a purchase.
Consider consulting a pharmacy or medical specialist. These online pharmacies can offer a wide range of medicines and services, and can be a good place to start. They can offer a wide range of discounts and assistance programs. Look for pharmacies that have a strong track record of providing quality products and services, and they can provide you with the necessary medicines and services to help you get the best possible results.
Always verify the legitimacy of online pharmacies. Look for pharmacies that have positive reviews and certifications from regulatory bodies like the MHRA or the regulatory bodies like the Pharmacy Checker. Check the websites that mention the company or website that they are based in and check if they offer any additional services or special offers.
If you are unsure about your health, consult a doctor before starting any new medication. They can assess your health status and provide you with appropriate treatment. Your doctor can also discuss with you the potential side effects and risks of your medication.
Important Note:Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any new medication or treatment. They can help you identify the right dosage for your specific needs and help you make informed decisions about your health and treatment options. If you’re unsure about your health, contact your doctor or a pharmacist at 999 for advice.
VIDEOCan I get Ciprofloxacin from a UK pharmacy?
Yes, you can get Ciprofloxacin from a UK pharmacy. This is important because it’s often the first-line treatment for bacterial infections. In fact, this is the only medication on the market that contains Ciprofloxacin, which is available as a topical gel or cream. If you have concerns about this, discuss with your doctor or pharmacist. They can provide you with safe and effective treatment options.
Can I buy Ciprofloxacin from an online pharmacy?
Yes, you can buy Ciprofloxacin from an online pharmacy. This is essential because it’s often the first-line treatment for bacterial infections. If you have a prescription for this medication, your doctor will likely recommend a reputable online pharmacy that offers a range of medications and products. Your doctor can also discuss with you the potential risks and benefits of using a reputable online pharmacy.
Can I get Ciprofloxacin without a prescription?
No, Ciprofloxacin is only available from licensed pharmacies. However, you should check with your doctor before starting any new medication. They can advise you on the best way to treat your condition and provide you with the appropriate care and guidance.
How much does Ciprofloxacin cost?
The cost of Ciprofloxacin is usually a good deal. You can find it in most online pharmacies and also in a variety of online pharmacies. However, if you have questions, always contact your doctor. They can be a great source of information about the medication you’re purchasing.
Can I buy Ciprofloxacin without a prescription?
Yes, you can buy Ciprofloxacin without a prescription.
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